WATERFOWL FATTENING OPERATIONS AS POTENTIAL REINTRODUCTION AND AMPLIFICATION ENVIRONMENTS FOR HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA

Abstract

Abstract— Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a rapidly mutating virus with pandemic potential that is primarily associated with wild waterfowl and has spilled over into dozens of land and marine mammal species, including humans. We examine evidence suggesting that intensive duck and goose fattening operations, particularly concentrated in France and Hungary, function as major reintroduction and amplification environments for HPAI. Surveillance records demonstrate a disproportionately large concentration of HPAI outbreaks in these regions, while studies document widespread asymptomatic influenza circulation within waterfowl fattening facilities. Evidence indicates that HPAI can persist in feathers for extended periods and disseminate beyond farm limits. As HPAI continues to expand globally, affecting agricultural workers, livestock, wildlife, and surrounding communities, identifying and eliminating sources of viral amplification is essential for pandemic prevention. Reducing production systems that industrially concentrate natural influenza reservoirs may be one of the most effective long-term strategies for protecting biodiversity, environmental preservation, and public health.