International Journal of Innovation Studies
The International Journal of Innovation Studies (IJIS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that focuses on enhancing the comprehension and application of innovation across multiple fields and disciplines. It provides a forum for researchers, scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to discuss groundbreaking research, theories, methodologies, and practical insights related to innovation. In addition to publishing high-quality research articles, IJIS also seeks to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and dialogue. By bringing together diverse perspectives and expertise, the journal aims to drive forward the frontiers of innovation studies, offering valuable contributions to both theoretical and practical advancements in the field.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DRIVEN CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT IN ONLINE RETAIL
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into e-commerce has profoundly transformed consumer engagement methods; nonetheless, its total impact on the customer experience remains complex and multifaceted. This study employs a quantitative research methodology to examine the fundamental factors that affect customer perceptions of AI-driven engagement and its effect on satisfaction. A structured online survey was administered to a cohort of 300 seasoned internet users. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of 25 Likert-scale statements identified a robust four-factor structure: Perceived Value & Personalization (PVP), Privacy & Transparency Apprehension (PTA), Relational Decoupling (RD), and Service Efficiency & Reliability (SER), collectively accounting for 58.4% of the total variance. A multivariate regression analysis indicated that all four variables were significant predictors of overall customer satisfaction (R² = .506, p < .001). Specifically, PVP (β = .398) and SER (β = .311) had positive influences, but PTA (β = -.242) and RD (β = -.187) shown large negative effects. Additionally, a mediation analysis indicated that Relational Decoupling partially mediates the adverse relationship between privacy concerns and satisfaction (indirect effect: 0.10, 95% CI [0.05, 0.16]). The findings suggest that although AI's functional benefits are strong motivators for happiness, ethical and relational issues significantly diminish their impact. This research provides a validated paradigm for online retail, emphasizing that an effective AI approach must achieve a balance of technological efficiency, clear data regulations, and human-centered design to foster trust and enduring loyalty.
Artificial Intelligence, Customer Engagement, Online Retail, Personalization, Privacy Concerns, Mediation Analysis, Customer Satisfaction, Factor Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Innovation Studies
IMPACT OF MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION (MBSR) THERAPY INTERVENTION ON RAJAS, TAMAS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG UNIVERSITY TEACHERS: ROLE OF STRESS COPING AND WORK ENGAGEMENT
University teachers frequently experience occupational stress due to workload, role conflict, publication demands, student management, and administrative responsibilities. Prolonged stress adversely affects psychological well-being and may increase Rajasic (restlessness, achievement pressure) and Tamasic (inertia, withdrawal) tendencies as explained in Triguna theory. The present study assessed the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) as a therapy intervention in enhancing psychological well-being among university teachers by reducing Rajas and Tamas and improving adaptive coping and work engagement. A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design was employed. A total sample of 100 university teachers from Bihar state universities was selected through purposive sampling and divided into experimental group (n=50) and control group (n=50). MBSR intervention was conducted for 8 weeks. Tools used were Vedic Personality Inventory (Wolf, 1998), Brief COPE (Carver, 1997), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989). Findings revealed significant improvement in psychological well-being, adaptive coping and work engagement and a significant reduction in Rajas and Tamas in the experimental group compared to the control group. The study supports the therapeutic value of mindfulness intervention for teacher well-being promotion.
Mindfulness therapy, Triguna (Rajas-Tamas), Psychological well-being
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY IN GOALPARA'S (DLSA) COMPOSITION, IMPLEMENTATION, PROCEDURES AND EFFICACY UNDER THE LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY ACT, 1987
The present study deals with the composition of District Legal Services Authorities, the eligibility criteria, the services provided by the District Legal Services Authorities, Legal Aid Counsels at Goalpara District, Assam Para Legal volunteers, Legal Aid clinics, introduction of new scheme of legal Aid Defense Counsel system, structure of District Legal Services Authorities, its staffs, panel lawyers, Legal aid clinics, legal literacy clubs, para legal volunteers etc. within Goalpara District of Assam.
District, Legal, Services, Authorities, lawyers.
ANALYSIS OF AI APPLICATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE IN MARKETING
The advent of reality is a new innovation force in the marketing sector that aims to change the customer experience, levels of satisfaction, and customer loyalty ecosystem. This paper discusses the way in which AIs can be leveraged to help increase customer satisfaction with a special emphasis on such tools as conversational agents, predictive analytics, and personalised recommendations. A sample size of 200 targeted participants was used to conduct the sampling in which the organised questionnaires were employed and a 5-point Likert scale. ANOVA, chi-square tests, and correlation tests found out the necessary hypotheses. The research has revealed that the satisfaction of customers is greatly enhanced when driven by artificial intelligence as evident in the ORF of the increasing levels of customer satisfaction that ranged between 3.0 to 4.7 respectively at varying degrees of personalisation. The impact of chatbots on customer loyalty has been so astounding since customer loyalty ratings had increased to 4.5 following the frequency of using it as opposed to 2.5. Predictive analytics presented a significant positive relation (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) with customer retention, and it is the sign that the model can be applied in the marketing strategy based on looking in the future. The robotics that have been artificially enhanced have been seen to have a steady customer satisfaction among various demographics, although the younger participants showed slightly better accumulation of benefits. It pays attention to the importance of the artificial intelligence that may be utilized to enhance marketing strategies, establish a stronger relationship with clients, and remain market leaders. However, it emphasizes the necessity to focus more on data strategies and openness to build trust and facilitate the role of AI in marketing.
Artificial intelligence, marketing, customer experience, customer satisfaction, predictive analytics, personalization, loyalty.
Dr Alyas Ahmed, Dr Rohit Bhagat, Dr. Pallavi Bhagat
NEUROARCHITECTURE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO BIOPHILIC INTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS USING EEG-INFORMED SPATIAL MODELING
This study quantitatively investigates the influence of biophilic interior environments on human cognitive and emotional responses by integrating neuroarchitecture principles, EEG-based neural analytics, and data-driven spatial modeling. A total of 60 participants (30 females, 30 males; mean age = 27.4 years) were exposed to three controlled interior settings: high-biophilic (Level-3), moderate-biophilic (Level-2), and non-biophilic control. Brain activity was recorded using a 32-channel EEG system with a 500 Hz sampling rate across all sessions. A spectral analysis indicated that, in the Level-3 biophilic condition, alpha-band power (8-12 Hz) increased by 34-41% at electrode sites O1/O2, indicating deeper states of relaxation and greater attentional stability. On the other hand, beta-band activity, reflecting cognitive workload (13-30 Hz), was reduced by 18% relative to the control environment. Emotional ratings using EEG-derived frontal asymmetry (F3/F4) showed a 27% leftward shift, reflecting more positive affective states. Performance on a reaction-time task of spatial working memory also improved by 22% in the high-biophilic setting. These results confirm that neurocognitive benefits can be induced through the use of biophilic interior design elements, while the EEG-informed spatial model developed herein lays the foundation for a predictive framework for optimizing interior environments based on real-time neural responses.
Neuroarchitecture, Biophilic Design, EEG (Electroencephalography), Cognitive Response, Emotional Response, Spatial Modeling, Alpha and Beta Brain Waves, Human–Environment Interaction, Interior Environmental Psychology, Neurocognitive Performance
Sara Zarnegarzadeshirazi, Mohammadmehdi Soroush
ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION IN IMPROVING COMPANY PERFORMANCE (CASE STUDY ON LEATHER CRAFT INDUSTRY IN GARUT)
This research analyses how product innovation and process innovation affect the rate of performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, leather craft industry. The study used a survey method to collect data from 62 SMEs using structured questionnaires measured on a Likert scale, and analysed using Minitab 21. According to descriptive results, the mean of process innovation (mean = 30.87) and product innovation (mean = 32.55) has a moderate level of performance. The SME performance stands at relatively low to medium (mean = 7.35). Multiregression analysis shows that product innovation (b = 0.104; p = 0.011) and process innovation (b = 0.145; p < 0.001) have both a positive and significant impact on the performance of SMEs. The model describes the performance variance of 71.94 (Adjusted R2 = 0.719). The results support the claim that enhancing innovation efforts, especially process innovation, is essential in enhancing profitability, absorption of labour, and business continuity amongst SMEs dealing with leather craft.
Innovation process, innovative product, corporate performance, Performance SME, Profitably UKM.s
FROM IPC TO BHARTIYA NYAYA SANHITA: RECASTING ‘COERCION’ UNDER SECTION 15 OF THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT IN CASES OF THREAT TO COMMIT SUICIDE
Indian Contract Act, 1872, section 15 is premised on the fact that a contract ought to be seen as a product of free and voluntary assent and not through the exertion of unreasonable force or coercion. To a short time not so long ago, the Indian courts have conceptualised the concept of coercion within the scope of criminal law, and the term act prohibited by law has been used in many instances, interchangeably with that which is imprisonable under the Indian Penal Code, 1860. A vexed legal debate has been whether a suicide threat meets the definition of coercion or not in the scheme of things. Previously, a criminalisation of an attempt to commit suicide by Section 309 of the IPC was used as the actual or hypothetical ground to make forcible what was said on the ground of such criminalisation and to rescind the contracts made by some threats. The latest changes in the law have rendered a good deal of unstable ground on this stand. The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, made one assumption that someone who attempts suicide is under the extreme load of the psyche, and they do not have to be a subject of criminal prosecution. Another way to support this tendency was the fact that even the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023) does not refer to suicide as a criminal act. The decriminalisation of suicide has upset the historic proportions between the force and the law of criminality, and in this respect, questions whether the criminal illegality of the old law of Section 15 applies to the cases that deal with the threat of suicide. The key question that is posed in this paper is as follows: can and on what doctrinal basis can an attempt to commit suicide invalidate contractual consent in the post-IPC regime of law? The paper assumes a doctrinal approach and a comparative approach of statutory analysis of the statutes, as well as judicial response or comparative judicial reaction. This concludes that, first and foremost, coercion should not be the measure of the influence it has on free will but must instead be determined through the fact that the threatened act is criminal and that the threat of suicide may yet be a psychological form of coercion which is capable of inducing invalid consent.
Coercion; Section 15 Indian Contract Act; Suicide Threats; Section 309 IPC; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Free Consent; Psychological Coercion
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Innovation Studies
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESILIENCE TRAINING ON QUALITY OF LIFE, HAPPINESS, HOPE, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF OVERWEIGHT INDIVIDUALS
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training on quality of life, happiness, hope, and psychological well-being of overweight individuals. The method of this study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The research population was overweight students of the Central Tehran Azad University in the academic year 2010-2011, of whom 30 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). First, in the pre-test phase, individuals from both groups responded to the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF; World Health Organization Working Group, 1996), the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHI; Hills & Argyle, 2002), the Adult Hope Scale (AHS; Schneider and colleagues, 1991), and the Riff Psychological Well-Being Scale (RSPWB; Riff, 1989). Then, the experimental group underwent 12 sessions of resilience training for 1.5 hours, and no intervention was performed on the control group during this period. In the post-test phase, both groups again answered the research questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance tests in SPSS-23 software. The findings showed that the resilience training course was able to significantly improve the quality of life, happiness, hope, and psychological well-being in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Given these findings, it is suggested that resilience training be used as an effective approach in improving the psychological state of overweight individuals.
resilience, quality of life, happiness, hope, psychological well-being, overweight.
INTEGRATING UNDERGROUND URBAN SPACES INTO THE SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AGENDA OF ADDIS ABABA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
The city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is one among the rapidly growing cities in Africa and is starting to face problems associated with high-speed urbanization and development, land shortage, congestion, and environmental degradation. The more the city expands, the greater the need to find new, sustainable spatial solutions. This paper will discuss the integration of urban space underground as an agenda of sustainable development in Addis Ababa, as well as the opportunities and challenges that these offer. It discloses the place of underground growth, maximization of restricted surface land, movement, and resilience of the environment. The research points to the following challenges as the main aspects: complicated geological settings, expensive constructions and maintenance, poor institutions, and poor awareness of people. It also stresses the necessity to legalize the underground land ownership and use, and to coordinate interagency and reform policies. There are proposed technological innovations, collaboration between the government and the private sector (PnPs), and involvement of the community as the important keys to the successful implementation. More so, the article proposes the implementation of a three-dimensional urban planning structure on the Master Plan of the city and the building on the basis of environmentally friendly construction activities, geotechnical mapping, and community engagement. Through the imitation of the best practices in other nations and modifying them to the local realities, Addis Ababa can extract the untapped potential under the surface. One of them is underground space, and the integrated management of the latter provides a revolutionary possibility to build a small, resilient, and environmentally friendly urban future - turning Addis Ababa into an example to the other fast-growing cities in the African continent.
Underground Urban Spaces; Sustainable Urban Development; Addis Ababa; Urban Planning; Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs); Infrastructure Innovation
Anteneh Zerihun Alemayehu, Dr. Dipl-Ing. Berhanu Woldetensae
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERGROUND URBAN SPACES: LESSONS FOR ADDIS ABABA FROM GLOBAL BEST PRACTICES
The need to find sustainable solutions to the congestion of cities, the lack of land, and the environmental issues is gaining momentum as cities are becoming larger and larger around the world. The Underground Urban Development is an option that has proven viable, enabling the cities to utilize the space more efficiently, enhance mobility and resilience, and reserves the upper land to housing, green spaces and cultural activities. This article discusses the concept of sustainable underground urbanization in Addis Ababa through the lens of global best practices (cities such as Tokyo, Helsinki, Montreal, Singapore and Beijing), and understanding of relevance to the practice to Addis Ababa. The case studies illustrate how underground infrastructure can play a role in efficient land use, energy savings, climate change adaptation and improvement of the quality of life. With rapidly growing population, increasing congestion and pressures on the environment, underground development can help offer a paradigm shift in the urban strategy of Addis Ababa. Although there is one obstacle, including the increased cost of construction, technical risks and the implementation of different cultures and life styles is a challenge, the opportunities of creating new jobs, advancing economic growth, and introducing smart cities, underground spaces are part of the future planning. With a well-understood governance structure in place, a master plan, pilot projects, Addis Ababa can enjoy a robust organizational future in regards to sustainable, inclusive and resilient urbanization. This paper finds that underground urbanization applied under the guidance of the best practices in the world and depending on the local conditions can make Addis Ababa become a pioneer in the new and sustainable urban development in the African continent.
Sustainable urban development; Underground infrastructure; Addis Ababa urban planning; Smart city integration; Climate resilience; Global best practices
Anteneh Zerihun Alemayehu, Dipl-Ing Berhanu Woldetensae
SMART SENSORS AND DATA ANALYTICS FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Modern industries have mechanical systems that must be monitored continuously and in real-time to guarantee the reliability of mechanical operations, minimize the downtime, and guarantee the improved safety. Other conventional maintenance methods such as reactive/scheduled maintenance check are inadequate in complex industrial environment. This combination of smart sensors, advanced data analytics, and artificial intelligence offers the predictive maintenance capability, early fault detection, and intelligent decision-making capability. This literature review presents a synthesis of the recent trends in the smart sensor technology like vibration, strain, temperature, MEMS, fibre-optic and nanocarbon based sensors, and AI based data analysis methods like machine learning, deep learning, and soft sensor models. The review goes further to discuss techniques of combining sensors with cloud-edge computing, Internet of Things platforms and digital twin frameworks to attain real-time monitoring and automatic maintenance. The main issues such as the inability to combine multi-sensors, low interpretability of AI models, energy-inefficiency, the absence of unified frameworks, and interoperability problems are discussed. The research gaps and future directions in the study include explainable AI, sustainable low-power sensor design, cross-domain validation, and scalable cyber-physical architectures. The review is a good generalization of the state of capabilities, limitations, and opportunities that can be used in the design of intelligent, reliable, and sustainable mechanical monitoring systems by researchers and practitioners in accordance with Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 goals.
Smart sensors, Data analytics, Artificial intelligence, Real-time monitoring, Predictive maintenance, Internet of Things, Digital twin, Mechanical systems, Fault detection, Industrial monitoring.
Nazieh Nasif Asa'd Hasan, Abdul Salam Abdul Karim
FUTUROLOGY OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXPORT STRATEGIES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN IRAN
Aim of study: In recent years, the consequences of climate change in the form of long droughts have affected the trade of agricultural products. In the present study, changes in the cropping patterns of agricultural products were assessed with a futuristic approach to increase the perspective, prepare for the future water crisis, and also to formulate appropriate strategic policies. Area of study: This study was carried out in Iran. Material and methods: To develop appropriate strategies for cultivating commercial agricultural products; the export of agricultural products was classified according to the type of water requirement into two groups of high water-demand products (13 items) and low water-demand products (4 items) during the period 2001-2017, and the effects of two factors of precipitation and temperature on the panel data models in each group were tested. Main results: The estimation results of the models showed that the sensitivity of exporting the selected products to the precipitation variable in both groups was positive, and the intensity of this sensitivity in the high water-demand group (22%) was higher than that in the low water-demand group (18%). The export sensitivity to the temperature index was also evaluated as very high and positive in both models. The export behavior of selected agricultural products in both groups in the face of climatic tensions was inversely U-shaped. Research highlights: According to the findings, the export of agricultural products in droughts shifted to items that were more resistant to climatic tensions. Therefore, changing the cropping pattern reduces the risk of agricultural trade in the event of future climate crises.
Futurology, Climate change, Export strategy, Agricultural products, water management.
Mahtab Khayat Farahani , Seyed Yaghoub Zeraatkish *, Amir Mohamadi-Nejad
STRATEGIC RATIONALE AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE U.S. ONE CHINA POLICY FOR SINO-U.S. RELATIONS: BIDEN VS. TRUMP 2.0
This is to analyze the strategic and connotation of the U.S. It is a policy of One China by the Biden administration (2021 2025) and a second term ( Trump 2.0, 2025 2025) of President Trump on this issue, with particular attention paid to Taiwanese geopolitics. In the comparative review of the diplomatic, economic and security policies, the paper will draw out the variation in approaches to handle the Sino-U.S. relations to a degree of Taiwan defense as well as its contribution to the international supply systems. As the Biden administration adopts multilateral diplomacy and The Rule of Law International systems, perhaps in the form of these alliances AUKUS or The Quad and the focus on diplomatic interaction and military deterrence, Trump 2.0 is preaching a pragmatic nationalism, which revolves around the direct military aid, sale of weaponry to Taiwan, and the economic pressure imposed on China through the imposition of tariffs and trade restriction. Its implications allow saying that the strategy, which has been suggested by Biden, will help to create stability and international cooperation, and the vision of Trump 2.0 creates the threat of the situation escalation in the Taiwan Straight with the help of personal action of the economy and military forces. The study concludes that such conflicting strategies not only characterize the relations in the U.S. and China, but enormous effects of such strategies on the local security of the region and economic processes in the world, particularly mentioning that Taiwan is plateaued by semiconductor production and other technological infrastructure in the world.
U.S. "One China" policy, Biden administration, Trump 2.0, Sino-U.S. relations, Taiwan.
DESIGNING AN ORGANIZATIONAL RESPECT MODEL (THE CASE OF: IRAQI MINISTRY OF INTERIOR IN BAGHDAD)
The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of organizational respect in the Ministry of Interior in Baghdad, Iraq. This research is applied in purpose and employs a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, the theoretical population consisted of 20 academic experts with relevant scientific backgrounds and practical experience in the Ministry of Interior in Baghdad. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the grounded theory approach in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were used to assess the validity of the qualitative phase, and test-retest was used for reliability. The results of this phase indicated that causal factors fall into three categories: managerial, occupational, and organizational factors. Core factors were related to managerial, organizational, recruitment and training strategies, and incentives. Contextual factors included social and economic dimensions, while intervening factors comprised demographic, personality, and psychological characteristics. Ultimately, outcomes were categorized into work environment and communication, job outcomes, and organizational outcomes. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed to test the conceptual model, and its validity and reliability were confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.85, acceptable factor loadings, and content validity indices. The statistical population included all employees of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior, of whom 350 were selected as a sample, and the questionnaires were distributed among them. The designed model was tested using AMOS software and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results of the quantitative phase supported the validity of the model designed in the qualitative phase and confirmed all research hypotheses. However, the negative coefficient observed between the core phenomenon and organizational respect strategies among the employees of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior indicates a weak inverse relationship between these two variables. This result can be interpreted in light of specific organizational and cultural factors of the Ministry, including managerial practices, hierarchical structures, or employee perceptions of organizational respect. Practical recommendations for managers and suggestions for future research are also provided.
Organizational respect, natural respect, earned respect, and organizational support.
Muhammad Haider Al-Shuhaib, Ali Safari, Ali Nasr Isfahani
DISTINCT APPROACHES TO CYBERSECURITY REGULATIONS IN INDIA AND USA
This research paper conducts a comparative analysis of cybersecurity regulations in India and the United States, addressing the crucial issue of how differing regulatory frameworks influence the cybersecurity posture of organizations within each country. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection, this study examines existing regulations, compliance levels, and incident response measures across various sectors, particularly focusing on the healthcare industry, which is increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats. Key findings reveal significant disparities in regulatory approaches, with the USA exhibiting more stringent compliance requirements and incident reporting mechanisms, whereas India demonstrates a growing focus on digital resilience yet lacks comprehensive enforcement measures. This research underscores the importance of robust cybersecurity regulations in enhancing organizational preparedness and incident response efficacy, particularly within healthcare, where data protection is paramount to patient safety and operational integrity. The implications of these findings suggest that harmonizing regulatory strategies could bolster the cybersecurity framework in both countries, fostering improved collaboration and information sharing. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on cybersecurity policy by highlighting the need for adaptive regulatory frameworks that can effectively mitigate evolving cyber risks in an increasingly interconnected global landscape.
Cybersecurity governance; Regulatory frameworks; Incident response mechanisms; Data protection laws & Healthcare cybersecurity.
Mr. Reetam Joshi, Dr. Anuja Shivraj Rane
IDENTIFYING THE DIMENSIONS, COMPONENTS, AND INDICATORS OF EMPLOYEE TALENT MANAGEMENT IN THE AIM OF IMPROVING THE IRANIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
The present article aims to present a talent management model in order to improve the country's social and administrative system. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of data type. The statistical population in this section consists of 292 managers and standard evaluators of Hormozgan, and the statistical sample size is estimated to be 166 people using the Cochran formula. The presentation of the model in this research was carried out qualitatively-quantitatively, so that in the qualitative section, the relevant codes were selected through library studies and interviews with experts, then the Delphi technique was used to determine the indicators affecting talent management. In the quantitative section, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used to validate the model. Finally, the final research model was formed including 2 dimensions (individual and organizational) and 8 components (retention and attitude, skill, leadership, labor relations, knowledge and training and improvement, supply and adjustment of human resources).
Talent, Management, Social and Administrative System, Human Resources
Mehrdad Yazdani, Serajoddin Mohebi, Mahdi Bagheri, Mohammad Hossein Ranjbar
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Innovation Studies
GALLIUM NITRIDE POWER ELECTRONICS IN 2025: STATUS, APPLICATIONS, AND ROADBLOCKS
By 2025, the power electronics based on gallium nitride (GaN) have become standardized with niche applications and mainstream applications, as the intrinsic material properties, such as high electron mobility, high breakdown voltage, and low on-resistance, have enabled this. This paper will present an overview of the present and past of GaN power electronics, device structures, applications and issue of the computer power electronics. The usage of GaN includes consumer chargers, high-density DC to DC converters, on-board chargers to power electric vehicles, and data center power systems with the global market expected to reach USD 3 billion. The most common types of devices are GaN-on-Si HEMTs, monolithic GaN Power ICs, and new vertical GaN devices to be used in high-voltage applications. The paper identifies serious technical issues, such as reliability, thermal management, packaging, parasitic effects, and automotive and industrial standardization. It also discusses the roadblocks like the manufacturing cost, design skill and ecosystem support and also finds close and mid-term opportunities to integrate the system on the system level. The results highlight the capability of GaN in supporting small, efficient, and high-performance power solutions in consumer, automotive and industrial applications.
GaN power devices, GaN HEMT, GaN Power IC, vertical GaN, reliability, packaging, thermal management, on-board chargers, DC–DC converters.
SPINAL MANIPULATION INCREASES MAXIMUM VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION AND CORTICAL DRIVE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Purpose – This paper reviews the evidence on the effects of spinal manipulation on neuromuscular performance, focusing on maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and cortical drive. The study aims to reframe spinal manipulation not only as a clinical intervention but also as a health innovation with implications for ergonomics, rehabilitation, and workforce health. Design/Methodology/Approach – A narrative review methodology was applied. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 were identified across biomedical, ergonomics, and innovation management databases. Clinical trials and experimental neurophysiology studies employing electromyography (EMG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were synthesized. Findings were further interpreted through innovation frameworks, including the Technology Acceptance Model and the Diffusion of Innovations, to assess adoption potential. Findings – Evidence indicates that spinal manipulation enhances cortical drive, improves MVC, and facilitates neuroplastic adaptations in both healthy individuals and clinical populations. Ergonomic applications show reductions in musculoskeletal discomfort and improvements in concentration and productivity. Technology-enabled validation using EMG and TMS strengthens observability and credibility, while barriers include skepticism within conventional biomedical paradigms and regulatory fragmentation. Originality/Value – This review uniquely integrates clinical neurophysiology with innovation management, positioning spinal manipulation as a technology-enabled healthcare innovation. It advances theoretical understanding of sensorimotor integration while highlighting managerial and policy implications. The study supports broader interdisciplinary collaboration in developing evidence-based, innovation-driven healthcare strategies.
Spinal manipulation; neuromuscular outcomes; cortical drive; maximum voluntary contraction; healthcare innovation; ergonomics; evidence-based practice; neuroplasticity; technology adoption; diffusion of innovation
David Morton, Milan Luliak, Fabian Renger
SUSTAINABLE CLOSED-LOOP SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH NEUTROSOPHIC PARAMETERS FOR THE HOME APPLIANCES INDUSTRY (REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS)
With growing concerns over environmental and social issues, the concept of sustainability has become a key pillar in the design and management of supply chains. In this context, closed-loop supply chains, aimed at reducing waste, recycling resources, and creating added value through circular processes, have gained special importance. This study aims to develop a mathematical model for designing a sustainable closed-loop supply chain in the home appliances industry (refrigerators and freezers). The proposed model considers three dimensions of sustainability, including cost, environmental impacts, and social indicators, and employs neutrosophic theory and trapezoidal neutrosophic fuzzy sets to manage uncertainties and ambiguities in the data. To solve the model, a genetic algorithm in the MATLAB environment is utilized. The results indicate that integrating the neutrosophic approach with closed-loop modeling can lead to more effective and sustainable decision-making in the supply chain of the home appliances industry. This model can serve as a practical tool for managers and decision-makers in achieving sustainable development goals and enhancing resource efficiency.
Closed-loop supply chain, Mathematical modeling, Neutrosophic theory, Home appliances industry, Genetic algorithm, Sustainable development
Samira Noorpoor¹, Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi*², Mohammad Fallah³, Ghasem Tohidi⁴
PURIFICATION AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF EUCALYPTOL: OPTIMIZING EVAPORATION AND ENHANCING PHARMACEUTICAL EFFICACY
Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), a monoterpene with significant pharmacological properties, has garnered attention for its potential applications in pharmaceuticals. However, its clinical efficacy is constrained by challenges such as poor solubility, volatility, and instability. This study explores the optimization of purification and microencapsulation techniques to enhance the stability and controlled release of eucalyptol. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was employed to achieve a high-purity eucalyptol extract, followed by further refinement using gas chromatography (GC). The microencapsulation process was conducted using biodegradable polymers, including polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), through a solvent evaporation technique. The effects of various PEG/PCL ratios (1:1 to 4:1) on encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, and drug release were examined. Results indicated that the 4:1 PEG:PCL ratio optimized encapsulation efficiency and significantly reduced the evaporation rate by 50%, enhancing the stability of eucalyptol. Controlled release of eucalyptol was observed, with formulations achieving sustained release over 24 hours and maintaining over 80% stability after four months. The findings highlight the potential of advanced extraction and microencapsulation methods to improve the therapeutic efficacy and stability of eucalyptol, paving the way for its broader application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. This research contributes to the understanding of microencapsulation processes and presents strategies for refining drug delivery systems for volatile compounds like eucalyptol.
Eucalyptol, Microencapsulation, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Purification, Pharmaceutical Applications
ANALYSIS OF DIMENSIONS AND COMPONENTS OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN MARKET REGULATION (COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRAN AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
Government intervention in the economy, especially in developing countries, has profound effects on economic growth, income distribution, and market stability that must be carefully examined. Therefore, in this study, using an analytical-descriptive approach whose data was collected through two methods: library research and collecting the opinions of academic experts from Iran and the United Arab Emirates, an attempt has been made to compare and analyze the tools and methods of government intervention and regulation in the economies of Iran and the United Arab Emirates, to identify the points of difference and commonality between these two rentier states. The results of the study show that both countries, considering their specific conditions, have adopted different approaches to government intervention in the economy and have therefore obtained different results. Iran has more intervention in the economy with an ideological approach and an emphasis on social justice, while the UAE has adopted a market-oriented approach based on free competition. Another part of the research results shows that despite the success of the UAE in the economic and welfare field, which has been achieved in the shadow of attracting foreign investment and expanding the private sector, diversifying economic activities and incomes, and pursuing a market economy; this country also faces certain challenges. The results of examining the opinions of experts also show that among the 10 important indicators in this regard, the prioritization of good regulatory criteria in the UAE is: attracting foreign investment, transparency in decision-making, and effectiveness and efficiency, while in Iran, the importance of these priorities from the experts' point of view is: effectiveness and efficiency, attracting foreign investment, and public participation, respectively. Therefore, despite the initial similarities in the priorities of important regulatory indicators in each country, this issue is influenced by various factors, including economic structure, level of development, international conditions, and domestic needs, and when designing successful regulatory policies, it is necessary to pay comprehensive and comprehensive attention to these factors.
Government intervention, economic regulation, comparative comparison, Iran, United Arab Emirates
Mojtaba Evazinezhad, Hadi Salehi*, Babak Baseri
REVOLUTIONISING SALES AND OPERATIONS PLANNING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: INSIGHTS AND RESULTS
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Sales an Operations Planning (S&OP) is an innovation in supply chain management. Extended traditional S&OP processes that involve static data, manual flow, and dispersed systems do not fit the needs of constantly evolving markets. In this paper, we consider some opportunities of AI in S&OP development and discuss the most significant changes ones, including predictive analytics, machine learning, and automation. The work being done by the research implies a case-based approach, using real-world situations in order to illustrate substantial gains in forecast precision, procedural organisation and control, expenditure and financial leakage mitigation, as well as customer satisfaction. The capacity of AI that can offer to enhance decision-making and provide flexibility makes its position crucial in today’s SCMS. However, barriers including resistance from the organisational culture and employee skill deficiencies hold the key in preventing this from occurring. According to the recommendations drawn in this paper, the phases and training programmes point the way towards bringing out the best of AI for successful S&OP modernisation.
Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Predictive Analytics, Supply Chain Management, Forecast Accuracy
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND TEAM PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW
In the era of globalization and complex teamwork, interpersonal skills have become essential for effective organizational functioning. This study examines the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in conflict management and team performance through a qualitative, applied, and inductive research approach. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 12 professionals from various sectors in Albania. Results indicate that individuals with high EI tend to resolve conflicts more efficiently and positively influence team dynamics and productivity. These findings contribute to the development of emotional leadership practices and conflict management training programs.
emotional intelligence, conflict management, team performance, qualitative approach, organizational psychology
Prof. Ass. Dr. Sc. Shqiponja Nallbani- BERISHA, Prof. Ass. Dr. Sc. Dritan Ceka
FROM MICROELECTRONICS TO PHOTONICS: A 2025 REVIEW ON SILICON PHOTONICS INTEGRATION
Silicon photonics is a new technology that has overcome the barrier between microelectronics and photonics by introducing the ability to incorporate optical and electronic devices onto a mono silicon substrate. Silicon photonics uses established methods of fabrication to provide high-speed data communication, low-energy usage, and scalable systems to the contemporary computing and communication systems. In this review, the latest developments in material, platform and integration strategies are outlined, such as heterogeneous integration and 3D stacking. Application areas in data communication, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and sensing are mentioned, and the critical problems of thermal management, complexity of integration and cost are mentioned. The paper ends with a reflection of the future trends where silicon photonics can disrupt the high-performance computing, network, and new photonic technologies.
Silicon Photonics, Microelectronics, Photonic Integration, Heterogeneous Integration, 3D Stacking, Optical Interconnects, Photonic Integrated Circuits.
Z. R. Leong, L.S. Chuah, R. Zakaria, S. Y. Pung, C. F. Dee
DOES DOMESTIC CREDIT TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR BY BANK INFLUENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SAUDI ARABIA
This paper investigated the impact of Saudi Arabia's domestic bank credit on the private sector and different macroeconomic variables on economic growth in the long and short term to advise what kind of financial and monetary policies should be supervised to guide the kingdom toward a sustainable development path. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach was used to examine both the short- and long-term relationships among variables, and the speed of adjustment at which the economic growth returns to a long-run equilibrium relationship after a shock in a short-run is estimated by an error correction model (ECM), focusing on historical trends and financial dynamics of annual data from 1970 to 2023. According to the findings, the domestic bank credit to the domestic private sector has a strong positive effect on economic growth in both the short- and long-term; economic growth is negatively affected by money supply in both periods, and inflation has a positive impact on economic growth in the long run, while its effect is ambiguous and negative in the short run. These results demonstrate the need for bank credit to advance Saudi Arabia's economic development. To achieve the goals of Saudi Vision 2030, credit policy should be in place to buttress the nation’s economic stability and extend its long-standing growth. Proper regulation of money supply and inflation is crucial for ensuring long-run economic sustainability.
Bank credit, cointegration analysis, economic growth, inflation, Saudi Arabia.
INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY IN ACTIVE LEARNING: VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATIONS IN CLINICAL EDUCATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON PATIENT CARE
Background: The integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies into clinical education has emerged as a transformative approach to active learning. VR provides immersive, experiential environments that enhance skill acquisition, clinical reasoning, and empathy while improving patient care outcomes. Despite its growing application, questions remain regarding its overall effectiveness, accessibility, and practical adoption in diverse healthcare settings. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of VR-based simulations on clinical education, focusing on their effectiveness in improving competence, procedural accuracy, empathy, teamwork, and decision-making, while also identifying challenges related to implementation. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across major databases including PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, JMIR, and Sage, covering studies published between 2021 and 2025. A total of 8,550 records were identified, and after screening, 280 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 90 in the quantitative analysis. Data extraction captured study design, intervention type, educational context, and reported outcomes. Quantitative data were pooled to calculate aggregate improvements across outcome categories. Results: VR-based simulations demonstrated significant improvements across multiple educational outcomes. Clinical competence increased by 24% (p < 0.01), while procedural accuracy improved by 26% (p < 0.05) compared to control groups. Knowledge retention was higher by 19% (p < 0.01), indicating enhanced long-term learning. Beyond cognitive outcomes, VR strengthened empathy and ethical awareness by 15–20% (p < 0.05) and improved teamwork and collaboration by 20–25% (p < 0.01). Operationally, VR training led to 20% faster response times and 22% fewer errors, highlighting its potential to improve both efficiency and patient safety. Barriers identified included high implementation costs, infrastructure requirements, and inequities in access. Conclusions: VR represents a powerful tool for advancing clinical education by improving technical skills, decision-making, empathy, and interprofessional collaboration. While its adoption is promising, sustainable integration will require addressing cost, access, and ethical considerations. VR holds strong potential not only to revolutionize health professions education but also to enhance patient care quality through better-prepared, empathetic, and competent healthcare providers.
Virtual Reality, Clinical Education, Active Learning, Simulation, Patient Care, Medical Training, Nursing Education, Interprofessional Collaboration
DIGITAL ERGONOMICS AND WORKPLACE INNOVATION: MANAGING HEALTH RISKS IN REMOTE AND HYBRID WORKFORCES
Remote and hybrid working models have grown rapidly, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, transforming how organizations manage employee health, productivity, and innovation. However, prolonged computer use, poor workstation setups, and inadequate ergonomic support have created significant health risks, including musculoskeletal disorders and digital fatigue. This paper investigates how digital ergonomics—defined as the integration of ergonomics with information and communication technologies—can foster healthier work practices while supporting organizational innovation. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys (n = 450 employees across IT, education, and healthcare industries) and semi-structured interviews with 20 managers responsible for workplace health. Results indicate that ergonomic interventions, such as AI-driven posture monitoring, wearable health devices, and digital workspace assessments, significantly reduce reported discomfort and absenteeism while improving employee satisfaction and creativity. The findings demonstrate that digital ergonomics is not only a health intervention but also an innovation enabler, improving organizational adaptability and resilience in uncertain environments. This study contributes to the innovation management literature by bridging health sciences and workplace design, offering practical recommendations for organizations to integrate digital ergonomics into long-term innovation strategies.
Digital ergonomics, workplace innovation, remote work, hybrid work, occupational health, technology management
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN ENGLISH LAW: EXAMPLES AND CHALLENGES
Restorative justice in English law is a new approach to the judicial system that, instead of focusing solely on punishing the offender, seeks to repair damaged relationships between the offender, the victim, and society. This concept includes reparation, restoration, compensation, reconciliation, atonement, community service, mediation, and payment of damages. This approach helps reduce the rate of crime among juveniles, reduce the negative effects of crime on the lives of victims, and promote a sense of responsibility and social solidarity. The present study aims to examine and analyze the concept of restorative justice in English law, its examples and challenges. This study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical research method and using library and documentary resources. First, the sources related to the concept of restorative justice, relevant laws and regulations in England, as well as studies and research conducted in this field were examined. Then, using the content analysis method, the practical examples of restorative justice in the English judicial system and the challenges facing its implementation were examined. The results of the research show that restorative justice, especially in the form of programs such as Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) and Victim Support, has brought positive results. This approach has helped reduce the crime rate among adolescents, reduce the rate of recidivism and increase the sense of peace among victims. However, challenges such as public lack of acceptance, resource limitations and cultural and social contradictions still exist in the way of the expansion of restorative justice in England.
Restorative Justice, Criminal Justice, English Law, Examples, Challenges
Karim Hanifi, Issa Baninaimeh, Esmaeil Abdollahi
THE EFFECT OF CONGESTION ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE RATE OF PROGRESS AND REGRESSION OF DECISION-MAKING UNITS IN DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
DEA is a technique for measuring the efficiency and performance of decision-making units (DMUs) with multiple inputs and outputs. The term overload in the literature DEA refers to the overuse of the source, which reduces the output and thus the efficiency. This problem changes over time, and the progress and rate of decline of the units can be measured by these changes. In this paper, Malmquist productivity index and congestion are used to measure the progress and regression of units over time. The proposed model is able to change the congestion changes in addition to calculating the efficiency and technology changes by changing the relative distances in the Mamquist productivity index.The criterion for congestion is the fraction (j))/, and the lower it is, the lower the congestion to be evaluated, and if it is 1, there is no congestion. Thus, by applying this criterion in the structure of the Malmquist productivity index, two categories of distances, performances, and congestion are used in the calculation of progress and regression of unity.
Congestion, DEA( Data Envelopment Analysis), Progress, Regression
Atieh Mirakhorli, Hadi Bagherzadeh Valami
LANDMARKS IN MEANING ACCORDING TO GRAMMARIANS
In this research, we sought to clarify the features of meaning among grammarians by dividing it into two sections. The first, entitled "Theoretical Features," began with an introduction to the term "meaning," both linguistically and technically, and an explanation of its relationship to the grammatical art. We identified the features of meaning among some ancient and modern linguists and grammarians who were interested in this relationship, which combines meanings with grammatical and syntactic rules. They established the necessary rules and definitions for it, as well as the method of using it to understand Arabic sentences. Its importance was clearly demonstrated in interpreting Quranic verses and became an important key to understanding their meanings. It opened up many different meanings for a single verse, clearly highlighting the miraculous nature of the Holy Quran. Many books have been written in this field with the aim of understanding the words of God Almighty by relying on language. The second section, "Practical Features," explores the impact of syntax on meaning among ancient and modern scholars, the determinants of understanding, and the methods scholars used to preserve meaning through the preservation of rank and diacritical marks. We then present some examples that demonstrate how to infer meanings from the syntactic position of a word in an Arabic sentence, and from the context in which the word appears. We also present the meanings that can be achieved by following this method, based on syntax or attribution. This matter is supported by evidence from exegetical books by some who recognized the importance of this arrangement and relied on it in their interpretations. It thus becomes clear to us that there is a connection and a basis for grammar and meaning, and that grammar is not limited to syntax marks alone. Grammarians' interest in meaning also emerged, parallel to their interest in the craft of grammar and syntax. Grammatical structures emerged as a basis for conveying meanings appropriate to situations, circumstances, or the requirements of the situation. Grammatical meanings became divided into two categories: the first based on attribution and commentary, and the second, which is appropriate to the situation and context, despite its similarity to rhetoric.